情态动词(Modal verbs)本身有一定的词义,但是不能独立作谓语,只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。英语中的情态动词有十三个:
may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.
·情态动词的语法特征
1) 情态动词 不能单独做谓语,除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
2) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,但有些情态动词,如can、will也有一般式和过去式的变化。
3) 情态动词的“时态”形式并不是时间区别的主要标志,不少情况下,情态动词的现在式形式和过去式形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间和将来时间。情态动词属不及物动词,故没有被动语态。
情态动词的用法口诀:
动词原形接后面,说话语气较委婉。can "能力"may"许可",must"责任"或"义务",否定回答needn’t换。"需要"need, dare"敢"。should"应该",would"愿",have to"被迫"表客观。
can, could 和be able to的用法
1.can, be able to都可表示“能力”
Can的主语是人或物,be able to的主语是人
She can/be able to sing the song in English.
This machine can make you feel comfortable.
2.can只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
We’ll be able to finish the work soon.
I haven’t been able to see the film.
could用于表示泛指过去的能力。如:
I could read when I was four.
Although the soldier was badly wounded, he was able to tell what had happened.
She ran fast but she couldn’t /wasn’t able to catch the bus.
3.表示特定的某一过去能力或表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
He was able to swim halfway before he got tired.
4.could不表示时态 ,表示委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)常用来表示请求别人帮助或对长辈的请求。
Could I have a look at your notebook?
Yes, you can./No, you can't.
(在作否定回答时,要注意:在拒绝长辈的请求时,不能用can not,这样显得语气太过生硬,不礼貌。但是在长辈拒绝晚辈的请求是可以用can not的。)
5.表示“惊异,怀疑,不相信”的态度(主要用于否定句,疑问句和感叹句中)
Can this news be true?
How can you be so foolish?
It can’t be Mary. She has fallen ill.
6.表示推测,译为“可能、或许”,can常用于否定句(意思是"不可能已经")和疑问句;could除用于否定句及疑问句外,还可用于肯定句(意思是"那时可能;本来可以")。
Linda didn’t catch the train. She could have caught it.
Don't worry. They could have just forgotten to phone.
may和might
1. may和might 用于一般问句中表示委婉的请求,肯定回答用may,否定用mustn’t
---May I use your pencil?
---Yes, you may./ No, you mustn’t.
2. may和might表示“可能性”, may/might + v 指现在或将来可能发生的动作情况。might暗示的可能性更小
She may not be working now. John might be at home now.
3.对过去发生的事情的可能性作出判断用may/might have done,用might比用may的可能性更小
She may/might have gone to the cinema.
They may/might not have received our telephone.
4.may 放在句首祈使句,表示祝愿。
May you succeed! May God bless you!
Will 和 would
1.will和would表示意愿、意志,可用于各种人称
If you will help me with my English, I will be very happy.
I promised that I would do my best.
2.在疑问句中,will用于第二人称,表示请求或征求意见,would则语气更委婉
Will you tell him the news as soon as he comes back?
Would you please speak again more slowly?
shall ,should 和ought to
1.shall用于第二、三人称表示允诺、警告、命令、决心等。
You shall do as I say. (命令)
Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow. (允诺)
Nothing shall stop me doing it. (决心)
2.在疑问句中,用于第一、三人称,用来表示请求或征求意见。
Shall I open the window for you?(征求意见)
Shall he fetch some water for you?(请求)
3. should常表示劝告、建议、命令,与ought to意义相近,但ought to多表示责任、义务,语气强烈。在疑问句中通常用should代替ought to。
Young people should learn how to use computers. Every citizen ought to obey law. You ought not to go.
4.should/ought to have done表示责备或批评,意为“本应该做到…但没有做到…”,用于否定则表示“本不该…但”ought to的语气更强烈.
You should/ought to have told her the truth earlier.
She shouldn’t have left without saying a word.
must 和have to
1.Must用于一般问句中,肯定回答用must否定式用 needn’t或don’t have to,做 “不必”,mustn’t表示“禁止,不允许”
— Must I finish all assignments at a time?
—Yes, you must.
No, you needn't.
You mustn’t get down while the car is still moving.
2.表示“必须”这个意思时,must 和have to 稍有区别。must着重说明主观看法,have to 强调客观需要。另外,have to 能用于更多时态。
I don’t like this TV set. We must buy a new one. There was no more bus. They had to walk home.
3.must表示对某人某事的猜测, 作“准是”,“一定” ,一般用于肯定句中。对过去发生的事情作肯定判断用must have done
You must be the new teacher.
He must be joking. There is nobody here. They must have all gone home.
4. Must表示“偏要,硬要”,指做令人不快的事情
He must come and worry her with question, just when she was busy cooking the dinner. Of course,after I gave her my advice,she must go and do the opposite。
首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。
用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形
例句:I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英语读这句话。
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗?
Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗?
You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。
情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could),may (might),must,need,ought to,dare (dared),shall (should),will (would),have,had better.
情态动词还有一个很重要的用法,即情态动词表推测——
用法小结
(一)情态动词表推测的三种句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),could(可能),might /may(也许,或许)。
e.g:(1)He must/can/may,might know the answer to this question.
他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。
(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能),may not/might not(可能不)。
e.g:(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.
这不可能是校长,他去美国了。
(2)He may not/might not know the scientist.
他也许不认识那位科学家。
3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。
e.g:(1).Could he have finished the task?
他可能把任务完成了吗?
(2).Can he be at home now?
他现在能在家吗?
注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might,could并非may,can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。
(二)情态动词表推测的三种时态
1.对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
e.g:(1).She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.
5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。
(2).She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。
2.对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。
e.g:(1).He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.
他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。
(2).He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.
这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。
(3).Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony
布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?
3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。
e.g:(1).It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.
地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
(2).The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .
门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。
(3).Can / Could he have gotten the book?
难道他找到书了吗?
注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如:
(4).It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)
(5).She should / ought to have attended your birthday party,but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)
她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。
(6).Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm. (虚拟)
汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
can 和could 表 推测
对现在或将来的推测,两者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,一般不用于肯定句,而could则可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句;对过去的推测,应在 can,could 之后接动词的完成式,且此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句;而could 则可用于各种句型。如:
Can [Could] this be true? 这能是真的吗
Where can [could] he have gone? 他能到哪里去了呢
She can’t [couldn’t] have left so soon. 她不可能走得这么早。
He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。
注:could后接动词的完成式,除表示对过去的推测外,还可表示过去没有实现的可能性(即某事本来可以发生,却没发生),或委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做(此时不用can)。如:
You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早点动身的。
You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其实可以不煮熟(它),我们(本来)可以生吃。
can 和could 表 允许
表示现在的允许时,若是请求别人允许自己做某事,两者均可用,但用could 语气更委婉;若是自己允许别人做某事,一般只用 can,而不用 could。如:
Can [Could] I come in? 我可以进来吗
“Could [Can] I use your pen? ” “Yes,of course you can.” “我可以借用你的钢笔吗?”“当然可以。”(不能说Yes,you could.)
表示过去的允许时,若表示过去一般性允许(即表示某人随时都可以做某事),用could;若表示在过去某一特定情况下允许进行某一特定的活动,则不用 could。如:
When I lived at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家里时,想什么时候看电影就可以什么时候看。(一般性允许)
I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允许我去看了电影。(特定的允许,不能用 could)
can 和could 表 能力
can 表示现在的能力,could 表示过去的能力,要表示将来具备的能力通常 be able to 的将来时态。其中要注意的是,could 表示过去的能力,通常只用于表示过去一般性能力,而不表示过去具体某次特定情形下能够做某事的能力。如:
他学习很努力,所以考试能及格。
误:He studied hard and could pass the exam.
正:He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.
注:若在否定句中没有以上限制,即couldn’t 可表示过去特定情况下的能力,如可说 He studied hard but still couldn’t pass the exam.
口诀:情态动词两特点
动词原形接后面,说话语气较委婉。can "能力"may"许可",must"责任"或"义务"。否定回答needn’t换,"需要"need, dare"敢"。should"应该",would"愿",have to"被迫"表客观。