1,代词的泛指和特指
one, ones, it, that, those
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词,是泛指概念,相当于a/an+单数名词;ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词,也是泛指概念;it用来替代前面出现的事物,是同名同物的替代;that用来替代前面出现的名词,可以是可数名词单数,也可以是不可数名词,相当于the+(单数/不可数)名词;those用来替代复数名词,是特指概念,相当于the+名词复数,但多用于两者间的另外一方(一批)。
〔误〕A bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood.
〔正〕 A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood.
〔析〕 one 替代的是前面的a bridge, 这里表示一类事物,并不特指其中的一个。
〔误〕The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than in Beijing in summer.
〔正〕 The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing in summer.
〔析〕比较的对象是"天气"。
〔误〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy it.
〔正〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy one.
〔析〕it只能代替前面出现的事物,是特指,在此不合句意,因为你不可能买到你已丢失的那支钢笔。one是泛指概念,在此符合句意。
none, no one,nothing
none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用来回答how many/much;no one只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句;nothing"什么也没有",否定一切,常用来回答what引导的疑问句。
〔误〕There were 20 people around but no one helped the old man.
〔正〕 There were 20 people around but none helped the old man.
〔析〕此处应是特指在场的人,none后面省略了of短语。
〔误〕—What is in the box?—None.
〔正〕—What is in the box?—Nothing.
〔析〕nothing否定一切,回答what的提问。
2,冠词的特指和泛指
定冠词the表特指,不定冠词a/an表泛指
定冠词用在名词前,表示特指,即某个特定的人、事物等。特别是当某名词后面有定语限定这一名词时,名词前面一般都要用定冠词the
不定冠词a表示“一”这一概念时,意思与one相似
不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前,表示“每一(单位)…的价格、速度、顺序等”
具体情况如下:
1、泛指是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物.也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。
2、不定冠词修饰可数名词.其意思为“一个”;定冠词既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词,往往表特指.其意思相当于“这个”,单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中,一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词,或者加定冠词)。
3、不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词、有形容词修饰的一日二餐、季节、日期前。
4、不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前,表示一次,又一(如:a second language又一门外语)
5、不定冠词a(n)表示“per”的意思。( one thousand yuan a month.
一月一千块)
7、不定冠词a(n)用于有good/great many修饰的名词复数前(a good many times.许多次)
8、不定冠词a(n)用于形式为复数,但意义仍为单数的名词前。(A thousand miles 一千英里)
9、不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前。(如:have a walk)
10、有一些抽象名词:advice(忠告),behavior(行为),fortune(运气),fun(娱乐),information(情报),progress(进步),damage(损害),harm(伤害)等,即使被形容词修饰,也不加不定冠词。
11、用在某些固定词组中。
A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(与…交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧)), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒).
12、在某些习惯用语中,用还是不用冠词,意义不同,有时甚至差别很大,使用时要特别注意
go to sea 当水手
go to the sea 去海边
in future 从今以后,将来
in the future 未来
on earth 究竟
on the earth 在地球上,在世上
go to school (church…) 上学(做礼拜…)
go to the school (church…) 到学校(教堂)去
in front of 在…(外部的)前面
in the front of 在…(内部的)前面
on horseback 骑着马
other/others/the other/the others/another:
1.如果不特定指出哪一个,是泛指,“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。
If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea.
(没特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是单数。)
another也可+数字+可数复数:The meeting will last another two hours. (再持续两小时)
We need another six desks. (此处两句分别相当于:two more hours; six more desks.)
2.如果只有两个或只有两部分,就给出了范围,其中另一个或另一部分是特指 (other前有the.), 有如下用法:
第一种,所说内容只有两个:
Mrs. Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other (one/son) is good at science. 【只有两个,用the other, 不加s, 后面名词可省略。】又如:This pair of shoes is strange. One is blue, yet the other is green. “这双鞋子很怪,一只蓝色,而另一只绿色。”
第二种,只有两部分:此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数,或不接名词而只在the other后加s. Two children went there, but the other children/the others stayed.
Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students/the others are girls.
3.如果没有显示出只有两部分,未给出范围,则是泛指,不加the.
Lei Feng liked helping other people/others. Do you have any other questions?
Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.
4.other的另一用法:用比较级的形式,体现最高级的含义。
He is taller than any other boy in his class. (划线中boy常用单数) =
He is taller than all ( of ) the other boys in his class. (划线中boy用复数)
他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。